大国崛起课程详细信息

课程号 02132050 学分 2
英文名称 Rise of the Great Powers
先修课程
中文简介 近代以来有九个国家曾经是(或现在是)“世界大国”,本课程讲述这九个国家的兴衰史,从中寻找大国兴衰的规律性特征, 从而为中国现代化和中国的国际地位提供有意义的思考。
最早的“世界大国”是葡萄牙、西班牙,它们体现着资本主义的早期重商主义阶段。在欧洲,葡萄牙、西班牙最早走出封建状态、建立了以专制君主统治为中心的早期民族国家,然后又用国家的力量推动重商主义,进入早期资本主义的发展阶段。葡、西两国在“地理大发现”中进行大规模殖民扩张,并且第一次“瓜分”了世界。但葡、西两国社会结构中保留了太多的封建残余,17世纪两国开始衰落。
17世纪是荷兰的世纪,那时,它垄断海上交通线,控制了全球贸易,是最强大的海上强国。荷兰体现着商业资本主义的极盛时代,它将早期重商主义发展到极至,它在商业和金融方面的创造至今仍有深刻的影响。荷兰的独立是它强大的前提,民族国家的形成奠定了它异军突起的基础。荷兰的问题是未能从“重商”走向“重工”,这使它在18世纪走向衰落。
18世纪,资本主义从“重商”走向“重工”,英、法成为这个时期的领头人。英、法的强盛也以民族国家的出现为起点,并且也以重商主义为基础。但英、法的重商主义已经发展到晚期重商主义阶段,其特点是注重生产,而不是简单地“经商”,这就为后来向工业社会过渡架设了桥梁。英、法崛起标志着商业资本主义向工业资本主义的转换,而英国率先走向工业社会,是因为它最早具备了发动工业革命的政治和社会前提,即克服专制、建立宪政制度。工业革命改变了英国,也改变了世界。法国是第二个启动工业革命的国家,它也是继英国之后推翻君主专制的国家。工业革命在英、法两国带动下成为时代的潮流,工业资本主义也在英、法带领下席卷世界,英、法是那个时代的世界大国。
英、法的自由资本主义发展模式一方面很成功,另一方面也有很大的缺陷,造成很多社会问题,后发展国家很难照搬这种模式。于是有些国家开始寻找新方法,试图追赶英、法,同时又避免它们的失误。德、日是两个典型的国家。
德国一直落后,到19世纪70年代才实现统一,但统一以后德国经济快速发展,到20世纪初它已经赶上并超过了英、法,创造了工业化奇迹。德国的成就归功于一种新的发展模式,国家不再做“守夜人”,而是发挥重要作用,成为工业化的推动力。但在取得飞速发展的同时,德国却走上了错误的道路,普鲁士的军国主义传统及高度膨胀的德意志民族主义把德国一再推上发动战争的路,德国方式是资本主义的一个变种。亚洲的日本也体现为这个变种,日本在明治维新后走资本主义的发展道路,并且按德国的模式快速完成工业化。但日本也和德国一样很快走上武力扩张的道路,最后也在战争中失败,给其他国家、也给自己带来巨大的灾难。
苏联是迄今为止唯一走社会主义道路的“世界大国”,苏联创造了一种和资本主义完全不同的发展模式,并取得巨大成功。十月革命后,苏联共产党担负起领导俄国工业化的使命,列宁在世时就提出“苏维埃政权加电气化”的发展目标,斯大林则将社会主义工业化确定为党的主要工作任务,并通过两个半“五年计划”基本完成了这项任务,使苏联成为世界第二大工业国,并为战胜纳粹德国奠定了强大的工业基础。苏联的成功归功于“计划经济”,在这种发展模式中,国家的力量充分发挥,全国所有的资源统一调度,在经济腾飞的初期取得惊人的成就。但苏联的问题是:当“计划经济”的缺陷已充分暴露时,苏联领导人没有意识到改革的必要性,错过了改革的时机,致使苏联国家在积重难返中解体,留下重大的历史教训。
20世纪,美国将资本主义推进到一个新阶段。美国在独立时就具备英国的优势,经过西进运动、南北战争,成为一个国土辽阔的国家。19世纪下半叶工业革命飞速发展,到20世纪初成了世界第一经济大国。美国工业化起步时采用自由资本主义模式,但在发展过程中原有的模式不断被修改,最终形成“混合型”的新的资本主义经济模式,成为现代资本主义的集大成。二战后,它成为西方阵营的领袖,是两个超级大国之一。苏联解体后,它成为世界上唯一的超级强国,目前试图独霸世界。但一个独大的美国独霸世界的企图也是不可能做到的,事实已证明了这一点。
一个时代的“大国”体现着这个时代的历史潮流,引领这个潮流的国家是这个时代的“大国”,失去这种引领能力,它就失去“大国”的地位。
英文简介 There have been nine countries in modern times in the world which can be counted as “world powers”. This course is to look back the history of the rise and fall of these powers and try to sum up useful conclusions in the up-and-down of various countries.
The first two ”world powers“ were Portugal and Spain, which opened the way for Europeans to go over to the world by “Great Discovery”. Their achievements were made possible by their successful creation of a new type of state—absolute monarchy, which was followed suit by almost all other countries in Europe. Mercantilism was their invention in economic policies, absolutism plus mercantilism brought world status to these two countries.
17th century was the “Dutch century”, as people always say. Holland‘s up-rise indicated a peak of mercantilism, with which the Dutch invented or perfected many commercial mechanisms that even today are prevalent. The Dutch success was attributed to the occurrence of a Dutch state after independence, without a nation-state as political framework to support the economy no country could develop on its own track.
Britain and France were the two which led the way to industrial society. Having followed the above-said countries in monarchical-mercantile pattern for their earlier developments they began their maneuver to throw off absolutist shackles in pursuing a free market economy. Old capitalism passed away, a new capitalism was in making. Britain became the hegemony power in the 18th and 19th centuries while France remained in the second place. Both of them opened the way to industrial capitalism
Their mode of laissez-faire was repudiated and thrown away by Germany which, after the unification of the country and a nation-state in making, decided to break a new road to overpass their forerunners. Germany tried a new mode of industrialization: government again stepped in and became a motive force in economic growth. Germany set an example for many countries which began industrialization even later than Germany, among them was Japan. Both countries achieved great achievements but, because of their cultural and historical heritage, their adventures failed with militarism.
Among all the “world powers” so far, the USSR was the only one taking a socialist shape. USSR became one of the two “superpowers” after the World War Two but had built up the foundation of a big power before the war. The Soviet Union completed its industrialization in an overall deferent way from all others--a way through which the so called “planned economy” was the password. With “planned economy” the state not only intervened, as in Germany, but also organized and implemented economic activities. Yet, with all its successes, the Soviet Union disintegrated in a sudden out of any prediction, the main cause of which lay in the fact that for too long its leadership did not realized the necessity for change and lost the best chance to reform.
In summary: those which lead the current of the age lead the world and make themselves “world powers” of the time; those which lost the lead in creativeness lost their status as great powers. China can draw lessons from the rise-and-fall process of world powers. This is the aim to lecture on the theme.
开课院系 历史学系
通选课领域 d
是否属于艺术与美育
平台课性质  
平台课类型  
授课语言 中文
教材 15世纪以来世界九强兴衰史,齐世荣、钱乘旦、张宏毅,人民出版社,2009;
世界现代化历程,钱乘旦总主编,江苏人民出版社,2010,
参考书
教学大纲 通过对世界九强的大国兴衰史的考察,了解近代以来世界格局的变化,了解“世界强国”发展和演变的历史,考察“大国兴衰”的时代机制和规律性特点,更深刻理解国家兴盛的条件与过程,总结经验,反思教训,为中国现代化提供有益的思考。
第一次 总论;葡萄牙和西班牙:早期重商主义国家(一)
第二次 葡萄牙和西班牙:早期重商主义国家(二)
第三次 荷兰的世纪:重商主义的高峰
第四次 英国的崛起:早期发展
第五次 英国的崛起:开辟工业化道路
第六次 法国的大国之路:曲折的发展
第七次 法国的大国之路:革命之路
第八次 中期讨论
第九次 德国的道路:走向统一
第十次 德国的道路:走向强权
第十一次 日本:经验与教训
第十二次 俄罗斯的强国之路:从沙俄到苏联
第十三次 俄罗斯的强国之路:社会主义世界大国苏联
第十四次 美国:美国的特性
第十五次 美国:当代资本主义集大成
The United States is the only superpower of the day but cannot and will not always to be. From the late 19th century on, facing growing social crises, the United States started its long process of exploration of forming a new capitalism, which was succeeded in the shape of “mixed economy”. The “mixed economy” is a new type of capitalism which combined the “hand invisible” with the “hand visible”. The American type of capitalism is the capitalism of the time and the United States is the leading force of now. Yet, though the strongest country in the world as it is at present the United States looks more like a setting sun. Declination begins with it and new powers are rising, but it is still for while to see who will lead the next epoch.
第十六次 期末讨论
课前预习,
课堂以讲授为主,约占85%;
讨论、提问为辅,约占15%。
平时10%,包括出勤、讨论等;
期中30%,可以是小论文;
期末60%,随堂笔试。
教学评估 钱乘旦:
学年度学期:16-17-1,课程班:大国崛起1,课程推荐得分:4.57,教师推荐得分:4.67,课程得分分数段:90-95;
学年度学期:18-19-2,课程班:大国崛起1,课程推荐得分:0.0,教师推荐得分:9.32,课程得分分数段:90-95;